NOTES ON JAUNDICE

Notes on jaundice 

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Musculoskeletal Pathology:Most know area

Musculoskeletal Pathology:Most know area




Hereditary Disorders



Osteogenesis imperfecta

· Many types

· Mutations of collagen type 1

· Multiple fractures

· Dentinogenesis imperfecta



Achondroplasia

· 20% autosomal dominant; 80% random mutations

· Most common form of inherited dwarfism

· Epiphyseal plates close prematurely

· Cor pulmonale



Osteopetrosis

· Autosomal dominant or recessive

· Osteoclast hypofunction causes very dense bone

· AR: severe, with anemia, nerve entrapment, hydrocephalus, infections, fractures

· AD: milder



Non-Neoplastic Disorders



Fracture

· Inflammatory phase (first week; clot and callus formation)

· Reparative phase (months; callus bridge)

· Remodeling phase (weeks-years; remodeling of callus)



Osteonecrosis

· Ischemic death of bone without infection

· Physical event: trauma, embolism, radiation

· Systemic disease: sickle cell, lupus, gout

· Toxic effect: corticosteroids, alcoholism



Myositis Ossificans

· Reactive bone formation within muscle

· Caused by trauma

· Looks like a neoplasm

· Lower limbs



Osteomyelitis

· Bone inflammation caused by infection

· Staph, Strep, E. coli, N. gonorrhea, H. influenzae, Salmonella

· Results from direct penetration or hematogenous spread

· Sequestrum (necrotic bone fragment) eventually covered by involucrum (new periosteal bone)



Osteoporosis

· Decreased bone mass per unit volume

· Normal ratio of mineral to matrix

· Primary occurs in elderly women (decreased estrogen, less exercise)

· Secondary occurs with corticosteroid use, alcoholism



Paget Disease

· Disorder of bone remodeling

· Three phases (hot, mixed, cold)

· Bones of skull: cotton wool appearance, hypercementosis of jaws

· Tests: alkaline phosphatase, urine hydroxyproline



Fibrous Dysplasia

· Monostotic

· Ground glass appearance on xray

· McCune Albright syndrome

· Jaffe syndrome



Osteoarthritis

· Most common joint disease

· Primary (cartilage defect), secondary (to trauma, crystal deposits, infection)

· Weight-bearing joints (knees, hips, spine) and hands

· Eburnated (very dense, ivory-like) bone, Haberden nodes



Rheumatoid Arthritis

· Chronic, systemic, autoimmune, inflammatory disease

· Symmetrical small-joint involvement

· Starts as synovial disease (hyperplastic synovium, pannus)

· Rice bodies, rheumatoid nodules



Gout

· Increased serum urate leads to urate crystals in joints, kidneys

· Primary or secondary (malignancy, alcoholism)

· Acute gout (podagra), tophaceous gout (tophi in ear, Achilles tendon)

· Histology: Granulomas with needle-shaped crystals





Muscle Disorders



Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

· X-linked

· Deletion of dystrophin gene

· Degeneration of muscles

· Wheelchair-bound by age 10-15; death from respiratory insufficiency or arrhythmia



Myotonic Dystrophy

· Autosomal dominant

· Atrophy of type I fibers, hypertrophy of type II fibers

· Muscle weakness and sustained muscular contractions

· Gets worse from one generation to next

Asperger's Symptoms :A SYNDROME IN "MY NAME IS KHAN"

Asperger's Symptoms in Children 

Does your toddler have aspergers?

Asperger's Symptoms can be presented in a range of combinations. Both children and adults can exhibit any combination of aspergers behaviours in varying degrees of severity. This means that two children, both with the same diagnosis, can act very differently from one another and have varying skills.

The best way to understand Asperger syndrome is to think of it as a form of autism in smart kids.

10 Most Essential Asperger's Symptoms in Children 

1. Not pick up on social cues and may lack inborn social skills, such as being able to read others' body language, start or maintain a conversation, and take turns talking.

2. Dislike any changes.

3. Lack empathy.

4. Be unable to recognize subtle differences in speech tone, pitch, and accent that alter the meaning of others' speech. Thus, your child may not understand a joke or may take a sarcastic comment literally. Likewise, his or her speech may be flat and difficult to understand because it lacks tone, pitch, and accent.

5. Have a formal style of speaking that is advanced for his or her age. For example, the child may use the word "beckon" instead of "call" or the word "return" instead of "come back."

6. Avoid eye contact or stare at others.

7. Have unusual facial expressions or postures.

8. Be preoccupied with only one or few interests, which he or she may be very knowledgeable about. Many children with Asperger's syndrome are overly interested in parts of a whole or in unusual activities, such as designing houses, drawing highly detailed scenes, or studying astronomy.

9. Talk a lot, usually about a favorite subject. One-sided conversations are common. Internal thoughts are often verbalized.

10. Have delayed motor development. Your child may be late in learning to use a fork or spoon, ride a bike, or catch a ball. He or she may have an awkward walk. Handwriting is often poor.

Source: WeBMD.com

 

How Asperger Syndrome Affects Daily Life 

The syndrome manifests in many ways that can cause difficulties on a daily basis. Here are some examples of what to look for:

- Delayed motor milestones
- Difficulty in conversing
- Extreme shyness
- Mixing with inappropriate company
- Unusual and obsessional interests
- Quoting lists of facts
- Confusion
- Difficulty with multitasking
- Not understanding jokes or social interaction
- Being naive and trusting
- Delighting in fine details such as knobs on a stereo
- Lack of dress sense

Is There A Cure? NO! 

There is currently no known 'cure' for Asperger Syndrome. This does not mean, however, that nothing can be done to help your asperger child.

One of the worst problems is that you can never really understand what is going on inside your child's head.

This makes it so difficult for you to understand their behaviour.

This can leave you feeling emotionally beat up and completely useless as a parent.

You have to cope with crisis on a daily, hourly or even minute by minute basis.

You experience problems when you are at home,...

Is There A Help? YES! 

Although behaviors may change through the years, the problem will not go away. But there are strategies that can improve functioning and help families cope. Early diagnosis, behavior training programs, and careful educational management to help the children reach their maximum potential are well worth the effort.

There are some simple, easy-to-use practical tips and techniques that can save you ALL that stress, worry, physical pain and embarrassment...

The Parenting Aspergers Resource Guide is an excellent resource that I would recommend to any parent who has a child with Aspergers Syndrome.

It is full of really practical and easy-to-use information to help parents with their Aspergers child and also the rest of the family.

Learn effective methods which can have a really positive effect on Asperger Symptoms and Asperger Syndrome Behavior:

Eating broccoli and cabbage can assist in lowering blood pressure

London, July 11: Eating broccoli and cabbage can assist in lowering blood pressure, suggests a latest study.

The probable reason behind this is the presence of glutamic acid in high volume in broccoli and cabbage.
For conducting the latest study, researchers scrutinized the quantity of five amino acids in the diets of 4,680 volunteers, ages between 40 to 59 years, from the U.S., UK, China and Japan.
It was discovered that with an increase in glutamic acid content in their food, their blood pressure dropped down.
Study author Dr Ian Brown, an epidemiologist at Imperial College, London, was quoted as saying, “Glutamic acid may partly explain the link between vegetable protein and lower blood pressure.”
He added, “However there is no ‘magic bullet’ for preventing high blood pressure, and vegetable protein and glutamic acid are individual elements of a broader healthy eating pattern.”
Glutamic acid and its sources
Glutamic acid is one of the most widely found amino acids and forms nearly one-fourth of vegetable protein and one-fifth of the animal protein.
It is found in all types of meats, dairy products, poultry, fish and the seaweed kombu. Rice, soy products, breads, cereals and similar whole grain foods are other excellent sources of glutamic acid.
Researchers recommend that people should not pop up glutamic acid pills, instead they should eat foods containing this acid.
DASH recommended for blood pressure
Experts say that the ‘Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH)’ diet, which reduces blood pressure and is developed by the U.S. National Institutes of Health, should be followed.
The DASH diet is rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean poultry, nuts and beans.
The new study has been published in Circulation: Journal of the American Heart Association.

THE SPITTING COBRA

 THE SPITTING COBRA

The species of snake called the spitting cobra is very unusual as it not only has a poisonous bite but it also spits venom into the eyes of its prey and aggressors. Contact of this venom with your eyes is very painful and can even blind you temporarily, therefore, if you get cobra venom in your eyes, irrigate them with water at once in order to prevent permanent tissue damage.

The King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) is also remarkable in this large family of snakes (elapidae) because it feeds almost entirely on other snakes with mice and small birds also falling prey to its poison.

The King Cobra is also a record-holder because of its size – it can reach almost twenty feet (585 cms) in length, which makes it the largest poisonous snake in the world. The most recent discovery of a new species of cobra was made in 2003 as part of an illegal shipment of exotic pets at London Zoo.

DNA studies revealed that this new species of snake is similar to the red spitting cobra but has different genes. It seems to originate from an area between Sudan and Egypt and it has been called the ‘Nubian Spitting Cobra’.

Though highly dangerous when it is threatened cobras will not attack if you leave them alone, although the spit is very accurate for about two meters. Compared to the strike of a rattlesnake, the cobra is fairly slow in its attack and furthermore, many bites prove to be blank, that is without venom.

Statistics of a study conducted on Malaysian cobra snake victims indicate that only 55% of the bites involved poison release and the same statistics indicate a mortality rate of only 10% for people bitten, since the poisons injected into the blood of the prey destroy the nerves (neurotoxins), which induces respiratory failure approximately half an hour after being bitten, so you have 30 minutes to seek help.

The colouration is variable from light green-grey to black, while juveniles are yellow and black banded. This snake can find a habitat all over south-eastern Asia.

Use Google as a calculator.

Use Google as a calculator.


Google has a built-in calculator — try entering a calculation like 110 * (654/8 + 3). Yes, your computer also has a calculator, but if you spend most of your day inside a browser, typing your calculation into the browser’s search box is quicker than firing up your calculator app.

Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder Anatomy-Histology Correlate

Notes on Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder Anatomy-Histology Correlate

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Notes on Liver,Pancreas , and Gallbladder Anatomy-Histology Correlate

NOTES ON MUSCLE CONTRACTION

NOTES ON MUSCLE CONTRACTION

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Notes on muscle contraction

NOTES ON MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY

NOTES ON MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY

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Notes on muscle physiology

QUIZ ON GASTROINTESTINAL PHYSIOLOGY

Gastrointestinal System Quiz - II

1. Which of the following listed diagnostic tests to be performed at the last?
A. Gall bladde series
B. Barium enema
C. Barium swallow
D. Oral choleycystogram

Answer Key

2. What type of diet should be provided to the patient sheduled for oral choleycystogram on the evening before the test?
A. Low-protein
B. High-carbohydrate
C. Fat-free
D. Liquid
Answer Key

3. What type of diet is indicated for a patient with colostomy for the first 4 to 6 weeks foolowing the surgery?
A. High-protein
B. High-carbohydrate
C. Low-calorie
D. Low-residue

Answer Key

4. Which is the appropriate mode of suction pressure and control indicated for stomuch decompression?
A. Low and continous
B. High and intermittent
C. low and intermittent
D. High and continous

5. Gastric juice contains:
A. Pepsin, lipase and renin
B. Trypsin, lipase and rennin
C. Trypsin, lipase and lipase
D. Trypsin, pepsin and rennin
Answer Key

6. Succus entericus is the name given to:
A. Intestinal juice
B. Junction between ileum and large intestine
C.Swelling in the gut
D. Appendix
Answer Key

7. Glycogen is:
A. Synthesised in liver, source of energy, forming bile and lipase
B. Disacharide stored in liver, reacts with amonia to form protein
C. Synthesied in blood, stored in liver, and muscle to provide glucose.
D. Polysacharide synthesised and stored in liver
Answer Key

8. Which ones are absorbed in the alimentary tract without any breakdown?
A. Proteins
B. Polysacharides
C. fat soluble vitamins
D. Albumin of egg
Answer Key

9. pH suitable for ptylin action is:
A. 6.8
B. 7.8
C. 3.2
D. 9.3
Answer Key

10. Choose the correct pair
A. Rennin-Casein
B. Protein-Amylase
C. Carbohydrate-Lipase
D. Maltase-Lactose
Answer Key

10. What is common among amylase, rennin and lipase?
A. All proteins
B. Proteolytic enzymes
C. Produced in stomuch
D. Act at pH lower than 7.
Answer Key

11. Which is a spcific gastric hormone?
A. secretin
B. Srotonin
C. Amphetamine
D. Trypsin
Answer Key

12. secretion of cholecystokinin is for:
A. Controlling blood pressure
B. Inducing peristalsis
C. Bile functions
D. Release of insulin
Answer Key

13. Average human live weighs:
A. 6. 0 kg
B. 5.0 kg
C. 0.5 kg
D. 1.5 kg
Answer Key

14. Digesive juice contains catalytic agents called:
A. Vitamins
B. Hormones
C. Enzymes
D. Nitrates
Answer Key

15. Human digestive juice lacks:
A. Lactase
B. Cellulase
C. Amylase
D. Sucrase
Answer Key


16. Cobalamine is required for the formation of:
A. Platelets
B. Leucocytes
C. Lymph
D. Erythrocytes
Answer Key

17. Digestive hormones secretin and cholecystokinin are secreted by:
A. Oesophagus
B. Stomuch
C. Ileum
D. Duodenum
Answer Key

18. Number of milk teeth in an toddler is:
A. 12
B. 20.
C. 32
D. 46
Answer Key

19. Which is NOT correctly matched?
A. Vit B12 -- Pernicious anaemia
B. Vit B6 -- Loss of appetite
C. Vit B1 -- Beri-beri
D. Vit B2 -- Pellagra

Answer Key

20. Glisson's capule is associated with:
A. Liver
B. Pancreas
C. Lung
D. Kidney
Answer Key

Answer Key
1. C 2. C 3. D 4. C 5. A


6. A 7. D 8. C 9. A 10. B


11. A 12. C 13. C 14. C 15.B


16. D 17. D 18. B 19. D 20. A

MY PROFILE

MY PROFILE



MY PROFILE

NOTES ON SHOULDER JOINT

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NOTES ON KNEE JOINT

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